active travel, 747
advertising, 157, 263, 712, 802
air pollution, 748, 760, 875
air travel, 309, 351, 429
emissions, 633
alternative energy, 742
amoral investments, 478
anarchy
of individual choice, 892
of market, 891
Anthropocene, 16, 225
anti-social behaviour, 519
arable land
China, 649–651
Egypt, 657
artificial intelligence, 730, 877
artificial wombs, 884
asset stripping, 473
assets, ownership, 352
atomic weapons, 421, 520
Attenborough, Sir David, 659
Auth, Author’s image, see Acknowledgements
automation, 21, 542
Bank of England, 494
banking, 443, 447
bonuses, 466, 504
crisis, 465
state-owned, 472
barriers
to consumption, 278
to trade, 212
barter, 83, 98–113
belief system, 343, 902
Bhutan, 297, 793, 899
Bible, The, 3
bicycles
affordability of, 616
biodiversity, 238, 605
birth control, 662
bonds, 436, 461, 474
booms, 31, 34, 191–210, 214, 359, 439, 511
and credit, 200
borrowing, 209, 480, 574–582
buildings
architecture, 862
cooling, 698
embedded carbon, 695
heating, 395, 627
insulation, 389, 398
retrofitting, 697
tall, 694
business sector, 558
Buy British campaign, 327
capabilities, 37–47, 165–171, 190, 509, 510
learnt knowledge, 39
limits to, 169, 177
technical advance, 42
capital
goods, 44
industrial, 174, 176
intellectual, 178
wearing out of, 43, 388
capitalism, 358–365, 375–376, 382–383, 446, 600
rate of profit & Marx, 173
rentier, 468, 479
carbon allowance, 635
carbon emissions, 242, 612, 634, 641, 689, 851
cardinal virtues, 274
cars, 252
batteries, 613
brake dust, 750
electric, 611
emissions, 608–615
externalities, 324
intimidation by, 805
noise pollution, 240
ownership, 607–614, 709, 745, 746, 767, 777
tyre dust, 239, 749
Carson, Rachel, 679
casino capitalism, 449
Centre for Alternative Technology, 640
Chernobyl, 417
children, 785, 806, 828
play, 813
citizens’ assemblies, 722, 895
climate change, 2, 241, 427, 529, 598
climate emergency, 604, 704
Club of Rome, 425, see also Preface
co-benefits, 773–775, 874
step-changes, 762
visible, 758–761
co-negatives, 774
coffee farmers, 150–151
command economies, 73
commodities, 444
commons, 231, 320
global, 230–233, 254, 667
tragedy of, 232, 253
communism, 74, 92, 372–381
Communist Manifesto, 7, 282
communities
governed, 310
community life, 283, 818, 863
commuting, 186, 628, 752
journey time, 855
comparative advantage, 333–338
competition
benefits, 86
for labour, 217
market presence, 223
product duplication, 224
Confucianism, 779
conspiracy theories, 716
consumer boycotts, 245
consumer choice, 94, 299
ineffective, 250, 326
too much, 852
contraction & convergence, 638, 708
Costa Rica, 336
Covid, 525, 901
Cuba, 379
currency trading, 452
cyberbullying, 886
cycling, 699, 754, 766, 814
Darwin, Charles, 8
de-education, 711
de-industrialisation, 219, 590
demand
change in, 99
effect of new products, 105
effect of resource shortages, 104
devolution, 723
discount rate, 393–410
discounting, 386–412, 433, 584
disruptive technologies, 523
dividends, 437, 471
Doomsday Clock, 522, 731
dual currency, 552
ecological emergency, 705
economic
autonomy, 366
cycles, 33, 194, 195, 203
freedom, 377
justice, 821
economic equilibrium
long-run, 499
wage rate, 145
economists, 22
economy
defined, 11
importance of, 13
of animals, 12
one-person, 29
social, 46, 51–79
economy of want, 161
education
adult, 839
and inequality, 816
environmental, 710, 873
ongoing, 831
Egypt
food security, 656
population, 655
Einstein, Albert, 521, 728
elections, 374, 718, 798
elites, 514, 592, 842
energy saving, 414, 629
entrepreneurs, 78, 284, 285, 378
envy, 273, 784, 801, 819
European Union, 373, 733
evolution, 38, 40, 45, 168, 268, 269, 601
social, 281
theory of, 10
externalities, 235, 322, 323, 688
extinction
event, 15, 531
human, 524, 727
species, 321, 533, 593
fairer society, 122, 770–776
fairness, 535, 536, 539, 551, 569, 631, 637
fake news, 715
family planning, 660, 661, 703
farming, 673–687
organic, 686
vertical farms, 685
financial services
sector, 434, 450
fishing, 665–672
farmed salmon, 671
fishmeal, 669
food
banks, 497
chain, 670
eating well, 856
miles, 331
school lunches, 857
ultra-processed, 804
Ford, Henry, 572
forests, 229, 246, 738, 756, 757
forex market, 451
fossil fuels, 589, 625–636, 700, 702
Friedman, Milton, 300
Fuel Price Escalator, 624
Fukushima, 418
futures contract, 445
Galbraith, J K, 507
garden cities, 865
gas prices, 399
Genuine Progress Indicator, 187
geograph, Creative Commons licence, see Acknowledgements
gig economy, 148, 204, 258, 261, 515
global
governance, 725
heating, 530
set of values, 896
trade, 453
vision, 724
warming, 237
globalisation, 14, 211, 221
gorillas, 595
government
bailouts, 111, 413, 467
borrowing, 575–583
debt, 579
local, 303
national, 302
need for, 69
graffiti, 305
green
consumers, 249
growth, 603
jobs, 759
spaces, 755, 870
technologies, 606, 771
greenhouse gas, 236, 739
Gross Domestic Product, 185, 791
Gross National Happiness, 298, 792, 900
growth, 164, 424
bad and GDP, 184
habitat loss, 597, 674
happiness, 780
adaptation, 787
research, 786
health, 751, 788
poor, 799
health and safety, 259
hedgehogs, 596
hedgerows, 675
herbicides, 676
hierarchy, 340
bureaucratic, 367
evolution of, 344
layering, 341
hierarchy of needs, 266
homicide, 823
household assets, 458
housing, 353, 391, 860
crisis, 663
high-rise, 867
student, 868
human
body, 878
impact, 534
needs, 264
reproduction, 134
weaknesses, 270
Human Development Index, 188
human-resources, 140
hunter-gatherers, 602
hunting, 664
individual action, 734
industrial revolution, 20
inequality, 339, 456, 815
evolution of, 347
inflation, 483
and interest rates, 493
cost push, 487
demand pull, 486
printing money, 485
wage-price spiral, 488
ingredients of production, 23–27, 508
resources, 25
want, 24
work effort, 26
insect
farming, 684
populations, 594, 678
insecurity, 19
insurance, 448
intelligent life (extraterrestrial), 880
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 532
intermediate technology, see Preface
international
cooperation, 549
institutions, 889
internationalist, 825
investment, 441
decisions, 387
long-term, 385
invisible hand, the, 85
job
creation, 159, 189, 769
security, 257
junk food, 621
Keynes, John Maynard, 102, 197, 199, 481
Kinder Scout Trespass, 849
knowledge
curse of, 879
growth, 183
passing on of, 179
searching, 182
storing of, 181
labour
demand, 154–160
demand curve, 144, 152
market, 126
supply, 155
supply curve, 143, 146
supply-demand curve
classical, 142
realistic, 153
theory of value, 175
labour-hours ‘product’, 137–139
land scarcity & inflation, 489
learned helplessness, 843
leisure
activities, 832
sustainable, 845
time, 753
life
opportunities, 824
satisfaction, 794
lifestyles, 707
‘light touch’ market economy, 75
lightweight vehicles, 617
Limits to Growth, The, 426, see also Preface
livelihoods, 538, 541
livestock, 682
lobbying, 286, 440, 735
luxuries, spending on, 350
MacColl, Ewan, 850
macroeconomics, 124
manufacturing workers, 546
marginal costs, 135
market
clearing, 90, 131, 138
dynamics, 123
exchanges, 96–115
fundamentalists, 93
life in, 117
perfectly informed, 88, 114
marketing, 277
markets, 82–95
Marx, Karl, 6, 63, 65, 66, 172, 207, 280
Maslow, Abraham, 265
material possessions, 789
maximum output, 202
meat, 680
laboratory-grown, 683
mechanisation, 220
media outlets, 289
Met, The Met Creative Commons CC0 licence, see Acknowledgements
microeconomics, 125
microplastics, 809
minimum wage, 129
misinformation, 714
mixed economies, 371
monetarist, 141
money
coins, 49
commodity money, 50
supply, 484
use of instead of barter, 107
value of, 112
monoculture, 337
Moore, Michael, 858
Morgan, Emslie, 396
Morris, William, 833, 834, 838, 853, 871, 872
mortgage rate, 496
multiplier, 101, 198
size of, 106
neocolonialism, 653
new products, 158
newspapers, 287
Nicaragua, 380, see also Preface
nuclear power, 400
back-end costs, 404
decommissioning, 405
legacy, 411
lifecycle, 406
lifetime costs, 403
safety, 420
waste processing, 409
nuclear war, 528
nuclear weapons, 881
obesity, 622, 859
oceans, 666
OGL, UK Open Government Licence, see Acknowledgements
oil
companies, 428
dependency, 432
North Sea, 586
reserves, 609
shock, 587
one-child policy, 228, 646
one-party state, 370
OPEC, 100
Origin of Species, The, 9
overpopulation, 643
ownership
concept of, 56
cooperative, 772
exchange of, see trade
feeling of, 306
Packard, Vance, 808
palm oil, 247
pandemic, 526
parliamentary democracy, 893
participation, 540, 717
pay
review bodies, 503
scales, 502
pedestrianise, 764
pedestrians, 251, 431
peer-pressure, 846
pensions, 314
national schemes, 476
state, 477
wealth, 460
perfect competition, 87, 89, 132
pesticides, 677
philanthropy, 307
philosophers, 275
Pinker, Steven, 527
planned economies, 363
plant-based diet, 701
plastic bags, 248
pluralism, 349
plutonium, 422
political
campaigning, 736
movements, 357
participation, 840
party, 841
rights, 797
political parties, 719, 721
membership, 720
pollution, 599
nitrogen oxides, 741
particulates, 740
visual, 810
population, 166, 226
China, 647
control, 658
explosion, 642
growth, 227, 490
India, 648
UK, 654
women’s education, 652
world, 645
populism, 826, 844
Port Sunlight, 866
positional unhappiness, 800
positive feedback, 119, 120, 196–201, 356, 513, 567, 568
poverty
in midst of plenty, 17
of Third World, 18
primates, 345
Private Finance Initiative, 470, 581
production
fluctuations in, 30
growth in maximum, 41
ingredients of, see ingredients of production
level of, 28
maximum, 36
productivity, 216, 334, 545
propaganda, 713, 803
property, 121
and trade, 59
recognition of, 57, 118
rights, 58, 76
protectionism, 328
psychological manipulation, 807
public
property, 290
spaces, 291, 861
spending, 304
transport, 618
purpose
in life, 5, 782
of government, 293
sense of, 292
quality, 368
quality of life, 619
race to the bottom, 213, 311, 329
radioactive waste, 402
railway stations, 308
rambling, 848
rationing, 492, 632
by price, 491
reactors, 401
fast breeder, 423
meltdown, 419
recession, 193
recycling, 690–693, 696
redistribution, 706
regulation, 255, 548
need for, 890
religion, 4, 276, 342, 897
renewables, 415, 630
back-up, 416
rent, 354
rises, 495
rentier class, 355
residents-only parking, 765
Resources, 68
Ricardo, David, 335
risk assessments, 296
road deaths, 325
road travel, 430
robots, 128, 348, 543
rural hinterland, 218
Russell, Bertrand, 781
Russian Revolution, 361
rust belt, 222, 591
savings, 459
scientific advance, 726
security & order, 346
security of supply, 332
self-interest, 256
Seligman, Martin, 876
service economy, 243
service workers, 547
seven deadly sins, 272
shares, 435
singularity, the, 170
slumps, 32, 35, 192–208, 215, 360, 438, 512
Smith, Adam, 84, 91, 244, 469
social costs, 234
social economy
governance, 70
rules, 52, 71
cultural, 54
instinctive, 53
ownership, 55
social mobility, 817
social sector, 559
socialist market economy, 77
solar energy, 390, 397, 585, 588, 744
Soviet Bloc, 364, 384
soybean, 681
specialisation, 180, 442
speculation, 454
standard of living, 644
status, 790, 820
sub-prime mortgages, 110, 464
subsidy, 498
sugar, 267, 623
Sunday trading, 279
supply & demand curves, 67, see also labour
SUVs, 610
swap chains, 97
and the multiplier, 103
swaps, swapping, see Market exchanges
tariffs, 330
tax
avoidance, 457, 462
cuts, 571, 578
evasion, 482
havens, 463
rates, 573, 580
revenues, 576
taxation
need for, 72
taxes, 554
local, 518
on consumption, 517, 555, 556, 561, 563–565, 620
on income, 315, 516, 557–564
on labour, 316
on sales, 318
selective, 570
technological risks, 729
television, 288
Tobin tax, 455
tourism, 847
trade, 60
balance of, 108
controls, 550
inequality and imbalances, 109
trade unions, 260, 501
traffic
deaths, 811
mental distress, 812
restricting, 763
tragedy of the commons, 319
reversing of, 768
transition towns, 553, 737
transitional demands, 506
transport
demand for, 626
local journeys, 864
tree of knowledge, 882
Trotsky, Leon, 369
truck drivers, 149
underemployment, 163
unearned income, 566
unemployable, the, 206
unemployed, 162
unemployment, 127
natural rate of, 500
pay, 130, 312
rate UK 20th c., 205
unfair competition, 562
unhappiness, 783
unintended consequences, 885
unit trusts, 475
United Nations, 1, 732, 796, 898
universal basic income, 537, 560
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 795
unspoilt countries, 869
urban sprawl, 854
USSR, 362
value, 61
labour theory of, 64
prices, 62
voluntary societies, 301
wants, creation of, 156
welfare state, 317
whaling, 668
wind energy, 743
windfarm, 408
wisdom, 271, 778
WMC, Creative Commons CC0 licence, see Acknowledgements
work
canteens, 835
dull, 830
repetitive, 829
sharing, 544
sick pay, 313
tea breaks, 836
worker representation, 505, 894
working
conditions, 262
from home, 837
hours, 147
marginal cost, 133, 136
world
governance, 822, 887
government, 883, 888
xenophobia, 827
Yucca Mountain, 407
ZeroCarbonBritain, 639